Aristotle s Highest Good Theorem - 1037 Words

Phil 100 A01 Essay 2 Aristotle’s Highest Good Theorem When Aristotle first published his work entitled â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†, you can imagine that numerous philosophers, scholars, and ordinary citizens were deeply contemplating his idea of the Highest Good Through the actions of virtue and reason, the act contemplation satisfies Aristotle’s characteristics as the Highest Good Being a self-sufficient, and complete activity, the ability to understand our function as human beings through contemplation achieves the Highest Good Aristotle’s characteristics for the Highest Good fall under these guidelines: i) It is desirable for itself ii) It is not desirable for some other good iii) All other goods are desirable for its sake Taking this definition into account, it’s obvious numerous people (including myself at times) seek happiness through other means. Many focus on obtaining pleasure, wealth, and/or honour. While widely desirable, they are means to happiness, and thus, are desirable for themselves, desirable for some other good, and other goods are not desirable for their sake. By this evaluation, Aristotle concludes that these aspects could not constitute the Highest Good. Aristotle believes that he who achieves the Highest Good is â€Å"not for some chance period but through a complete life† (Nicomachean Ethics, 1001a10). Aristotle’s idea of looking at one’s life at a whole, as opposed to scrutinizing over minor events, may constitute some degree of delayed pleasure and may beShow MoreRelatedImportance of Education Knowledge in Islam10950 Words   |  44 Pageswitness to a true celebration of knowledge. That is why every traditional Islamic city possessed public and priva te libraries, and some cities like Cordoba and Baghdad boasted of libraries with over 400,000 books. Scholars have always been held in the highest esteem (respect) in Islamic society. Libraries in Islamic Cities and in European Cities 1. Islamic culture valued literacy. In the ninth century, the library of the monastery of St. Gall was the largest in Europe. It boasted 36Read More4g Communication22481 Words   |  90 Pagesacross distinct service environment in different frequency bands. †¢ Lack of end-to-end seamless transport mechanism spanning a mobile sub-network and a fixed one. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in today s society and the limitations of 3G communication service wave the path for 4G mobile communication. Architecture of 4G: One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several different mobile and wirelessRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesreasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii Copyright

Women in Early Colonial Australia The first 100 years

In the first 100 years of colonial Australia women of all status and race were a marginalised segment of society; considered inferior to and for the use and support of men (Summers, 1975), (Dixon,1999). It is not surprising therefore that historical accounts of women’s activities between 1788 and the late 1800’s, whether white, black, convict, or free, are much less documented than those of men. The accounts that have been recorded, however, point to women from substantially different ages, cultural backgrounds, education, health, social stations, and personal histories holding various amounts of power (or lack of) and acting within varied and fluid physical and social environments (Macintyre, 2009), (SBS, 2012). In this short essay we will present a very superficial account of these women’s experiences. The three main categories of women in this dangerous environment and social landscape were: (1) white convicts and young orphan girls; (2) free white settlers and military wives; and (3) Aboriginal native women (Macintyre, 2009). White convict women and young orphan girls were seen by many (both men and women) as breeding stock for settlers. Male colonists needed women as wives, mothers, sexual partners, and domestic servants. Often convict women were viewed as depraved unattractive incourageable whores (Summers, 1975), (Dixon,1999). Those cast out were often sent to houses of correction termed â€Å"Female Factories†. The factories also acted as female hiring depots where theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Rail And Wallangarra1419 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Rail and Wallangarra The earliest presence of rail travel in Australia began in 1854, first developed within states to link major settlements with various resources. The idea of intercolonial transportation began circa 1855: a network of railways systems crossing the country and connecting major settlements. Railways slowly expanded as settlements developed further inland, with rail essential in bringing farm and mining produce to capital cities and ports. Wallangarra, a town situatedRead MoreHealth Equality3685 Words   |  15 PagesHEALTH EQUALITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS , TORRES STRAIT ISLANDERS AND THE FIRST NATIONS OF CANADA INTRODUCTION Equality in health implies that ideally everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain his or her full health potential and, more reasonably, that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential. Based on this definition, the aim of policy for equity and health is not to eliminate all health differences so that everyone has the sameRead MoreCompare and Contrast - Women5945 Words   |  24 Pagescontrast women 100 years ago and women today. I. Intro 1. Womens lives have changed enormously this century and the actions of women themselves have played a vital role in the transformation. Putting women back into history is about giving individual women their history, but it should also be about making some collective sense out of womens divergent experiences. 2. At the beginning of the century most women were invisible in society, whatever their class.. II. Clothes a. Clothes 1. 100 years Read MoreHistory of Security Essay example3164 Words   |  13 PagesThe Beginning When security first started it was the job of every person to watch there own property and belongings. (Kelly, 2005) If there was a grievence it was handled by the individual or a small group of people. It was not until 2100 b.c. that things were codified by Hammurabi, also known as the King of Babylon. (King, n.a.) Hammurabis Code includes the Code of Ur-Nammu, Laws od Eshnunna and Lipit-Ishtar Isin, than later codes were added including Hittite laws, Assyrian laws, and Mosaic LawRead MoreReview Of Related Literature : Marriage Migration2045 Words   |  9 Pagescommon. Among the different types of migration, there is a subcategory of migration called Marriage Migration. Marriage migration is defined by Aurora De Dios as â€Å"a collective term referring to cross-border marriages, which often involves women migrating to the home country of their husbands.† According to Albert Esteve, Joan Garcia, and Robert McCaa s Comparative Perspectives on Marriage and International Migration, 1970-2000: Findings from IPUMS-International Census Microdata Samples,Read MoreSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pagesemotional wellbeing and mental health. The history of colonisation is addressed, the subsequent devastation of Indigenous Australians, and their resilience and struggle to claim equality and cultural recognition, and to shape the present. Indigenous Australia is made up of two cultural groups who have shared the same struggle, yet often when using the term Indigenous, a Torres Strait Islander history is absent. In this chapter both cultures are equally presented. Brief overviews are given of pre-contactRead MorePhilippine Religion3656 Words   |  15 Pagesof how religion retains its central role in society.[2] ------------------------------------------------- Ancient indigenous belief Animism, is the term used to describe the indigenous spiritual traditions practiced in the Philippines during pre-colonial times. Today, a handful of the indigenous tribes continue to practice it. 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In the early years, emigration was primarily an escape from the misery at home. After a while the need to go abroad was found in all social classes, but with different ambitions, being the eager of survival or the desideratum for aRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael

Applying Management Theories Free Essays

Company A was initially formed as a group of engineering students to undertake the project of modifying and coding a Boot to automatically move around a maze as quickly as possible. The group was formed by Dry S. Watson, the project supervisor. We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Management Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now The group consisted of four students: J. Peters, A. Shabbier, A. Mohammed and O. Added. The students began their project through the organized Company 1 meetings. In their first meeting they were introduced to each other, though J. Peters was absent, which disadvantaged him later in the project. The group cited that their first action would be to organize a group meeting in the week, before the next company meeting, a good pro-active decision. It was observed that no leadership took place in the group with everyone inputting questions that the group could not answer. The Part D students were then able to answer some questions. In the meeting the group did not discuss project strategy, but discussed sensor systems, there was no clear sensory system decided with A. Shabbier wanting to research into sonar systems and A. Mohammed continuing research into IR sensors and QUIT sensors. Over the next two weeks the group began to realize their task and formed their project structure based on the diagram, [ Figure 1 ]. The strategy overall was carried out well throughout the group, as they became more aware of mistakes that may have occurred without the plan and check stages. Once the strategy was in place, the Plan section was implemented. Within the plan stage the group took into account the following factors for equipment choice: Cost, Complexity and Acceptability. An example of this method was the choice of sensors, the group decided to use IR sensors, as they were cheaper than sonar systems, they were the east complex of all the systems and achieved the groups’ requirements. This decision making process was very powerful, as it gave the groups specific criteria that they had to uphold and it prevented members from verging off topic, which they were prone to doing. Figure 1 – Plan check do act (PICA) model A main failure of the group however, was that they did not choose a project leader. Their failure resulted in a leaderless structure to the group, immediately disadvantaging the group, as there was no one to make key decisions. This can be seen by tensions formed in the group with regards to sub-systems. The group decided to create sub-systems and allocate a person per sub-system, though this was a sensible systematic approach (though it could have been improved by using at a job design chart, such as in [ Figure 21). Breaking down the sub-systems affected the group with some tasks much simpler and straight forward than others. This process led to J. Peters and A. Mohammed wanting the same roles. The decision was made by the rest of the group that A. Mohammed would be better suited to the desired role. J. Peters had little contact with the group up until that point and this showed in the groups’ decision. J. Peters was left with the difficult task of producing the interim report for the group. This was a poor decision by the group as it meant that they issue also arose from the sub-system approach, where during one week; more than one member of the group was absent. This led to a halt in progress of the project in the areas where team members were away, as absent team members knew their role, but the other team members did not. This should have been factored into the projects’ risk contingency plan; however this was yet to be created by J. Peters. This failure resulted in a week without progress and certainly created tension not only thin the group, but between the group and supervisor as well. A better strategy would have been to split the design into sub-systems, but within each sub-system, tasks could be created and given to members of the group, allowing more than one group member to have knowledge of each sub-system to ensure progress continues. What sequence? Who else? How to interface with the facilities? Environmental conditions? How much autonomy? Skills? Where to locate? Tasks? Figure 2 – A Job design chart, enabling users to identify each role After the fourth week it was clear that A. Shabbier had taken charge of the project, which could be a positive factor of not immediately selecting a group leader, as it allowed time for the more dedicated person the project to take control, effectively becoming the natural leader. His indecision however, led to a long delay within an exercise the group carried out. A requirement that the group made was to increase the speed of the robot. The group originally removed the wheel and replaced it with a larger wheel increasing the speed, a good idea; however, their plan did not consider that they were not allowed to remove parts from the Boot. Therefore the approach taken by he group was to use their project PICA strategy and they were able to modify the wheel by creating an extension to use the original wheel as a shaft for a larger wheel. This shows good initiative from the group, however the issue should not and would limitation control. The group would have been better to choose a product design strategy, where they generated a concept, which they could feedback to the supervisor in a company meeting, who could then evaluate the groups’ design, making sure it is suitable for the set requirements. This would make sure the design fits the requirements and if not, it could be improved until it did. The groups’ strategy for their hardware sub-system had certain requirements, one of which included a LED display. The display was a creative concept as many ideas in the group were; however there was a delay in delivery (due to the University) which the group had not planned for. This delay was unplanned for with no risk contingency plan in place. This therefore meant the group had to alter their Giant chart to their needs at that time. This was poorly planned, as a better Giant chart would have had extra time allocated for work that could not be completed at the specific time. How to cite Applying Management Theories, Papers

Challenges in Cyber Security For Business

Question: Discuss about the Challenges in Cyber Security For Business. Answer: Literature Review Scope and Objective The information and communication industry has evolved greatly over the last three decades. Technology has taken control of a significant part of everyday activities, especially in business. At present, all businesses have integrated their operations with the use of information technology. Case in point, when it comes to communication, delivery of services and also manufacturing, information technology takes control in such operations. However, the positive contribution brought forth by the use of technology has invited a myriad, problems with the major one being cyber-attacks (Antonucci, 2017). Most businesses have reiterated that their number one enemy on their network are the sinister individuals who try to intrude their system for altering, exposing or deleting momentous information that has a great value to a company. This means that issues that relate to cyber security will increase as technology advances. The act of business protecting their information communication technolog y systems is referred to as cyber security (Singer and Friedman, 2014). Cyber security can be an arguably ambiguous term that may mean privacy and surveillance. However, it should be understood that cyber security is precise and that it is a significant tool for business people to protect their privacy and deter unauthorized surveillance into their systems. The management of risks of the information system is depended on three important factors that include the threat. The threat is who is attacking the system. This is the individual or group of individuals that have ill motives towards a company. They can be disgruntled former employees or any individual. Another factor is vulnerabilities. The weakest points in the system of a company are one of the entry points for the individuals who are seeking to infiltrate into a system (Graham, Howard and Olson, 2011). The third factor is the impact of the cyber-attack. There is an array of expected impact after an occurrence of a cyber-attack such as loss of information and altering of information (Bayuk, 2012). With the above knowledge, managing cyber security in business organizations comes with many challenges that are not limited to data loss, breach indicators, application control among others. This paper focuses and analyzes the available literatures regarding challenges of cyber security in businesses. Comparative Analysis of the Different Literatures. Reasons why cyber security is a challenge in business With the advent of the problem related to cyber networks in business, most businesses have ensured that they have strengthened their cyber security capabilities in the last five years. According to Rajagopal and Behl, (2016) there have been a lot of processes which are used to implement and prioritize information technology security risks and also the development of mitigation strategies to ensure that such mishaps do not happen. This means that a lot of companies have dedicated a significant amount of finances to ensure that their information is protected. Santanam, Sethumadhavan and Virendra, (2011) affirms that desktops environment have been made wide open different from what they were before the proliferation of cyber-attacks. Alexander (2012) believes that as at now, the computers used in organizations have been disabled from their use of USB ports, and also their webmail services have also been disabled. The way business use technology is the reason why protecting the cyber-att acks is becoming more difficult. At present, a lot of business value has migrated online where digital data has have become more prevalent. For instance, most businesses have ensured that customers can ask for services online also pay through the same media. For this reason, cyber criminals are finding more reason why they should continue with their heinous act. The more the businesses are insisting on the issue to do with online transactions, is another reason that an incentive is created to cyber criminals to tap into systems of businesses. It is an open secret that companies are experiencing more cyber-attacks per hour but unable to speak loudly about the matter as it would scare away their customers (Glasgow, 2003). Another reason why protecting a business from cyber-attacks is the way customers are expecting the business to be more widely accessible. Customers expect that with the advancement in technology, the business is supposed to make their purchases simpler through the use of mobile application services and the use of portables which prevent the customers from traveling large geographical distance so as to get a service. Case in point, customers expect that they ought to use mobile phones with applications related to the business they seek services from since they use mobile phones in their daily personal lives Forsyth and Kalman, (2013). The customers fail to realize that the increasing use of web-based services increases the insecurity regardless of the simplicity of the services that the internet provides. Hackers use and target devices that are unprotected such as tablet and mobile devices which are used to access to a business network hence gaining access. The supply chain in business is interconnected greatly to allow customers and suppliers to have streamlined flow of goods and services. Companies are encouraging vendors and Logistics Companies to join their networks for the purpose of increasing their sales. According to Shoemaker and Sigler, (2015) his engagement of interconnected supply chain is putting organization network and system at risk of cyber-attacks. Cyber criminals can pause as one of the individuals in the supply chain thus giving them an opportunity to investigate and find a vulnerability in a system. Tighter integration of business partners is a good course that can increase a performance of business. However, there must be policies and other security measures in place to ensure that the communication network is protected from cyber criminals Bisogni, Cavallini, and Trocchio, (2011). Some companies have reiterated that on-site contractors of the software that is used in sharing information can have access to confiden tial documents. For this reason, most companies especially the large ones, are against their employees sharing information using web-based services. The cybercriminals have become more sophisticated as more business has discovered ways to protect their systems from attack. As at now, more cybercriminals act as service providers. They approach businesses as people who are capable of protecting their networks. When they are given an opportunity, they have all the access they need from organizations. This makes it hard for an organization to protect themselves from cyber-attacks since they are not aware of what triggered the attack. Consequently, they are not aware of the vulnerability of their network that acted as a conduit of the attack. Human Beings as Cyber Securitys Weakest Link Cyber criminals are more than willing to obtain momentous information from organizations. Case in point, cyber criminals have infiltrated banks by having one of their own within the financial institutions. When cyber criminals have an essentially authorize access to a system they are in a better position to be able to siphon all kinds information they need for their unknown reasons. In many cases, long-term employees also pause risks to an organization system. A lot of times the management of a business usually think that the intrusion of a system is accused by an outside. They fail to realize the same people who work in their organizations may be the risks. This is a clear indication that human beings are the weakest link when it comes to cyber-attacks (Wittkop, 2016). Vendors are other potentials when it comes to the cyber security of a business. This is because vendors are given unlimited access to very important data that concern organizations. For instance, a vendor that is concerned with the establishment of a database will be trusted with enormous data and files of an organization so that they can feed into their database. If such a vendor poses as a cyber-criminal the access to important information of an organization would not be a problem. Also, it will be impossible for an organization to discern whether the information is stolen from the system. Human beings in their way are different regarding having their agendas and influences. Human beings trust other human beings especially when it comes to business. It will be a bad show that a management of a company does not trust the employees that are working for that company. When there is trust, it is easy for individuals in an organization to be motivated and achieve optimal performance. However, the issue of trust has been overrated in business. This is because there is no amount of firewalls and security topologies that can withstand an authorized user. This implies that an authorized ill-motivated user is the most dangerous component to the security of a system Borum, Felker, Kern, Dennesen and Feyes (2015). To mitigate the problem of having employees being the greatest weakness in a cyber-security, measurement is significant. This means that business should formulate ways that track employee behavior both online and the normal individual behaviors which can indicate cyber-crime in progress. For instance, those employees who work after the working hours, those who access customers data, and those who register low-performance rates are the ones to look closely at, such behaviors are not normal for any employee in any organization. Cyber security is not necessarily on the technological aspect but also humans play a large role if not the biggest in the realization of cyber-attacks. Through training employees, everyone will have a clue of cyber threats and can act as a watchdog to an organization. Gaps Identified and Conclusions Many of the literature regarding cyber security in business fail to talk about the issue of cyber kill chain which is used by intruders as their model in heinous operations. The cyber kill chain seven phases that start from Reconnaissance where the intruders check weak system to infiltrate, Weaponization stage is where an entry point to a system is identified, and the third stage is Delivery where the malware is put into the system. Exploitation, Installation, Command Control and the action proceed in the remaining stages. Most authors have failed to explain the type of policies that should be important in ensuring that cyber security is realized. However, the details of cyber security will vary from one department to another in an organization. This means that each head of a department will have a different understanding of cyber security where a leader will pass on to those that one manages (Weiss, 2007). The policies and terms in an organization regarding cyber security should carry a lot regarding information, the members of an organization should be braced with how to detect a cyber-threat and ways to control a cyber-attack to gain access to a system Herath, and Rao, (2009). Businesses should ensure that workshops and training regarding cyber security are conducted on a regular basis. This will ensure that the challenges of cyber security are given an upper hand regarding issues that deal with a business thus become relevant among the employees. It should be noted that each person in an organizati on is a better position to ensure that the network security of a business is tight. This is because they interact closely among themselves and they are in a position to note that one of their own who is behaving in a very peculiar way. Expanding the knowledge of the members of an organization assists in ensuring that there is a unified effort in fighting cyber-attacks. Rittinghouse and Hancock, (2003) believes that when an employees acquire skills that help them in programming and prevention a cyber-attack in progress, then it means that even a cyber-criminal who pauses as an employee in such a company will have a difficult time in executing cyber-attack activities. A well-informed team of employees can ensure that they identify unusual activities in a system and they can inform the information technology department of the malicious activities. The information technology will then be able to protect all the systems in an organization at a very first rate this giving no chance to a cyber-criminal. Businesses should understand that cyber-attacks are inevitable hence resilience is a virtue that they need to uphold. Tremendous technology has proven that business can on a verge of realizing their economic potential. However, the same technology acts as a threat that can be able to bring any business to its knees. Dimase, Collier, Heffner and Linkov (2015) believes that for an organization to achieve resilience the most significant question that they need to ask themselves is the kind information they have to lose and the specific data that are momentous in carrying out their operations. When these questions are understood, businesses will be in a better position to develop a cyber-security posture which will be able to protect the most important data that once they are in unauthorized hands, will be detrimental to a business. It should be noted that cyber-criminals look for critical data in a system of organization in which to gain access to. This will enable them to black mail a business by threatening to realize such information to the public. This means that core data in business should the most protected. In conclusion, as more values have migrated online, business are coerced to have innovative ways in which they can conduct their businesses and also interact with their customers and other partners such as suppliers. For this reason, cyber-security challenges will continue to increase. Also with advancement and the increase in sophistication of information technology, cyber-criminals are finding new ways in which they are able able to infiltrate networks of organizations. This means that organizations should formulate solutions that cut across strategies, operations and technological functions to be in tandem with the changing technology. To manage the challenges that are brought forth by cyber-security, the management of organizations should make cyber-security an important initiative in an organization. Consequently, human beings have been identified as the prolific contributor to the cyber-attacks. Cyber criminals currently pose as employees who work in organizations thus having a uthorized access to critical information of the business. The recruitment of employees should be an extremely serious process. Also, it is imperative that a behavior of an employee should be checked on a regular basis so as to keep track of any unusual activity which might be a threat to the system of a company. As long as the technology keeps advancing cyber-security will still be prone to many challenges. References Alexander, D. 2012, "Cyber Threats in the 21st Century", Security, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 74. Antonucci, D. (2017).The Cyber Risk Handbook: Creating and Measuring Effective Cybersecurity Capabilities. 1st ed. John Wiley Sons, p.113. Bayuk, J. (2012).Cyber security policy guidebook. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, p.29. Bisogni, F., Cavallini, S. di Trocchio, S. 2011, "Cybersecurity at European Level: The Role of Information Availability",Communications Strategies,, no. 81, pp. 107 Borum, R., Felker, J., Kern, S., Dennesen, K. Feyes, T. 2015, "Strategic cyber intelligence",Information and Computer Security,vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 320. Boss, S.R., Kirsch, L.J., Angermeier, I., Shingler, R.A. Boss, R.W. 2009, "If someone is watching, I'll do what I'm asked: mandatoriness, control, and information security",European Journal of Information Systems,vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 152. Dimase, D., Collier, Z.A., Heffner, K. Linkov, I. 2015, "Systems engineering framework for cyber physical security and resilience", Environment Systems Decisions, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 295. Forsyth, C. Kalman, L. 2013, "A RISING TIDE", Legal Week, vol. 15, no. 14, pp. 14. Glasgow, B. (2003). Information technology insights: CIDX moves with cyber security. Chemical Market Reporter, vol. 263, no. 2, 33. Graham, J., Howard, R. and Olson, R. (2011).Cyber security essentials. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications, p.51. Herath, T. Rao, H.R. 2009, "Protection motivation and deterrence: a framework for security policy compliance in organisations",European Journal of Information Systems,vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 107. Rajagopal, and Behl, R. (2016).Business analytics and cyber security management in organizations. 1st ed. IGI Global, p.50. Rittinghouse, J. and Hancock, B. (2003).Cybersecurity operations handbook. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Digital Press,p.498. Santanam, R., Sethumadhavan, M. and Virendra, M. (2011).Cyber security, cyber crime and cyber forensics. 1st ed. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, p.33. Shoemaker, D. and Sigler, K. (2015).Cybersecurity. 1st ed. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, p.33. Singer, P. and Friedman, A. (2014).Cybersecurity. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, p.35. Wittkop, J. (2016).Building a Comprehensive IT Security Program. 1st ed. Berkeley, CA: Apress, p.89. Weiss, J. 2007, "Cyber Security in the Control Room", Power Engineering, vol. 111, no. 9, pp. 38-38,40,42,44.

Twilight Essay Example Essay Example

Twilight Essay Example Paper Twilight Essay Introduction The myth of the vampire existed in a multitude of civilizations and cultures under various names such is strigoi (for the Romanian territory), Apotamkin, etc. But no matter the name, vampires will always refer to gothic creatures that drain the blood of humans, thus being monstrous. The first writer to introduce the vampire in literature was Lord Byron in the eighteenth century, but the most significant writer to develop the myth was Bram Stoker. He is the „father† of the vampire as he gave a complete description of the vampire in his most famous book† Dracula†. After the release of the book, the myth of the vampire became extremely popular amongst writers and as a consequence the books whose main characters were vampires sky-rocketed. Amongst the most famous contemporary writers which developed and modified the myth of the vampire is Stephenie Meyer with her famous „Twilight†. In her book we find a multitude of deviations from the myth but still s he keeps many things as they are with the main purpose of enhancing the vampire’s romantic features. For instance, when Bella takes on the task of finding out the reason why Edward isn’t allowed to come to the La Push beach, she finds a book which describes what Edward is. When searching the camera focuses on all the key words that point to the unnatural and supernatural abilities which Edward has: „the cold one†, one who drinks† the immortal drink† , „undead†, „immortal† and so on. Twilight Essay Body Paragraphs When Bella confronts him she says that he is „impossibly fast and strong† that is another stereotype kept by Stephenie Meyer most definitely to put emphasis on the fact that Edward is a character that fits the pattern of romantic characters, and like all romantic characters he need features that make his special, that separate him from the crowd. Probably the greatest change that the myth of the vampire went through was the fact that it is no longer associated with the figure of „ walking cadavers† as popularised in the folklore, nor with the rich and aristocratic being as it appears in Bram Stoker’s „Dracula†. Stephenie Meyer introduces a whole new perspective on the vampire and this is reflected in the movie as well. The director of the Twilight movie makes sure that Edward keeps his „angelic† aura which the author wanted to underline and he does so in the scene of the biology class, scene in which Bella was placed by their pro fessor next to Edward. As she is walking towards him the camera focuses on him sitting in front of an owl which has the wings wide spread. This scene is interesting from a visual point of view because of the positioning of the owl which gives the impression that Edward is actually winged, thus resembling an angel rather than a „monster†. But Stephenie Meyer isn’t so quick in erasing all the notorious mythological traits of the vampire. She introduces a few well known characteristics of the vampire unaltered. For instance vampires are „pale white and ice cold†, which is in fact the first clue Bella is given , clue which leads her to the truth of Edwards existence, to the fact that he is a vampire. All these elements give us the image of a lifeless body, as the blood no longer circulates robbing the skin of its colour and of its warmth. Another element that circulates in the Twilight book/movie is the fact that vampires drink blood. What kind of blood is the real question. Edward and all the Cullen’s call themselves „vegetarians† as they only feast on the blood of animals not humans. Stephenie Meyer uses this particularity making it a clue that shows us the kind of vampire one is. From the beginning of the movie Bella notices that Edwards’s eyes change colour. The first time she sees him his eyes were black, but after he returns form his „trip† the colour of his eyes turned golden-brown. So, the colour of their eyes are an indicative to how hungry they are for blood and how strong they are to resist the call of blood( the first time Edward didn’t even want to look at her but when his thrust was quenched he approached her rather suddenly and unexpectedly). Another particularity of the eyes of a vampire is that they show whether a vampire feeds on human or animal blood. This is best shown in the baseball scene when James and the other vampires come and disrupt the Cullen’s game. The camera focuses on the eyes of every new vampire( which , as we were previously shown, attacked humans) and we can clearly notice that their eyes are scarlet red. So the redness of the eyes is an indicative of the fact that these vampires are not† vegetarians†. The similarities stop here. There are definitely very few elements which are kept from all the previous books that present vampires, and to sum everything up we know that they have cold and pale skin, the fact that they drink blood and the fact that they are very fast and strong. The differences are way more numerous that the similarities and in this part of the essay we are going to present just that. Stephenie Meyer also introduces a lot of new elements. For instance the most important entirely new element is that blood has a distinguished smell, a smell which can trigger the vampires hunting instinct. Edward calls the smell of Bella’s blood „ a drug† and „his personal brand of heroinâ⠂¬ . First of all there is nothing that indicates Edward as a vampire apart from his cold and white skin( and the fact that he shines like diamonds but only in the sun). But if this were a novel written by let’s say Anne Rice, the vampire would definitely have fangs. Stephenie Meyes’s vampires don’t really have fangs, but really sharp teeth and when they bite they leave a pretty clear impression on the victims body as we are shown in the scene in which James bites Bella. Another abolished myth is that vampires change their shape, and the most famous animal in which a vampire can turn into is the bat. This myth is not present in the movie as Edward like all his kin cannot fly; but Edward has the ability of running so fast that he appears to fly. When he runs at his full potential no one can even spot him doing so. To support this theory we have two scenes in which his speed is such that it actually makes him invisible to the naked eye. First of all we have the e pisode in which he save Bella from the car crash, running from the other side of the parking lot without being noticed. The second time we witness this capacity of his to „disappear† in the scene in which Bella wake up in the middle of the night and sees him standing in a corner; but when she turns to turn on the lights and looks up at him again he isn’t there anymore. In fact he is so fast that he doesn’t even need to fly. This last scene is linked to another myth, or rather with the absence of a myth, the one according to which a vampire can only enter the house of someone only after he is invited. It is obvious that Bella didn’t invite Edward in her room, but still he entered and this isn’t the only example which indicates this. Another feature of the vampire myth that Stephenie Meyer didn’t include in her book is the fact that her vampires have a reflection in the mirror. I could not demonstrate properly this theory because of the l ack of mirrors in the movie but in the scene in which Bella first sees Edward, the camera focuses on him and we see, as he opens the door to enter the cafeteria, that he has a reflection in the glass (even through a glass is not a mirror it can show ones reflection). In the same day when Bella confronts Edward and tells him that she knows what he is, he takes her to the top of the mountain to show her what he looks like in the sun. When a ray of light hits his skin Bella sees that his skin appears to be made out of diamonds. When she says that he is beautiful he answers† this is the skin of a killer†, „ you believe a lie, in a camouflage† ,† everything about me invites you in, my voice, my face even my smell†. The fact that his skin shines in the sun is another novelty which Stephenie Meyer presents as all authors before her present vampires as creatures which are very vulnerably to the sun, as it can turn a vampire into ashes. All these elements that point to a perfect being; they are all part of their „weapons† as they ca attract their victims which find their irresistible charm. The fact that girls gravitate around Edward like moths around the light bulb is best shown in the scene in which he takes Bella to restaurant, when the waitress simply can’t take her eyes of him. This is all part of their hunting strategy, and this is why Edward compares their relationship to that of a hunter and the hunted by saying that† the lion feel in love with the lamb†. When Bella enters Edward’s house for the first time we can see how the setting, the way in which they chose to decorate their house, a lot of myths are pulverised. When Bella came in the house she is astonished of how light and open the house is and Edward ironically asks† What did you expect? Coffins and dungeons? ; from his attitude we can conclude that they do not live in dark places and sleep in coffins as the myth states. Furt her more, when she gets to see his bedroom she does not spot a bed because Edward doesn’t ever sleep, so elements linked to sleep( whether it is the eternal sleep—coffins, or just regular sleep—beds) are entirely missing from the decor of the place. Another element that is in the house but that totally contradicts the myth of the vampire is the presence of a wooden cross, a big and ancient cross placed on the wall. So, in Stephenie Meyer’s vision vampires do not have any fears concerning the cross, unlike previous authors that made the cross an object that can kill a vampire. This is interesting because of two things. First of all Meyer’s vampires cannot be killed by humans, they are too strong so they can only kill each other. Secondly because the cross symbolises God, the supreme power, the holy power that protects us; the fact that Meyer’s vampires do not dodge the cross means that they are no longer the creatures of demonic origin, no lo nger creatures from hell. The fact that only vampires can kill vampires has already been established. But how is the question. We find that out in the scene in which James in killed by Edwards brothers. They do not use wooden stakes or a silver bullet to kill him as the only way of killing a vampire is to teat him apart and burn the pieces. To conclude it is safe to say that the vampire myth has undergone a number of important changes through the centuries which shows how „alive† these myths are, through the imagination of writers. We will write a custom essay sample on Twilight Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twilight Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twilight Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Sillyness essays

Sillyness essays Marriage in medieval France was similar to the modern forms but one main difference then was recognition of socially acceptable and binding unions. Medieval society recognized more than one form of matrimony. These different forms of marriage included types such as Muntehe and Friedelehe as well as the holding of concubines. In addition to the accepted types of unions the circumstances which made them official is also an important and relevant topic. The most important of these was desponsatio, the first stage of matrimonial procedures. Starting in the first half of the ninth century Frankish law recognized two distinct forms of marriage, although they both had different degrees of seriousness. These were Muntehe and Friedelehe, both were commonly used at this time. Muntehe was the more formal of the two. In this form a permanent transfer of property from one family to another was expected. This was more legally binding and showed the other family and community that this was a strong union that was expected to last. This was also the choice way to form alliances among families. The second variety was Friedelehe, this too was an official marriage but it was often temporary and did not require the transfer of property. An important and often over looked characteristic of Friedelehe is that the children were legitimate and were recognized as heirs if there were none from a Muntehe vow. In Friedelehe the father was often loaning his daughter. Often times one family needed land or some kind of resource, this form of marriage acted as a type of loan. It was an important part of economic patchwork of Frankish medieval society. Many affluent members of society were not fond of Muntehe because it often meant handing over a substantial amount of land. Duby even mentions Charlemagne own life and how he would not allowed his daughters to enter Muntehe unions because they were too binding. It seems handing over power and land to another man...

Leaving Microsoft to Change the World Coursework

Leaving Microsoft to Change the World - Coursework Example book Leaving Microsoft to Change the World He gains confidence and skill through his journey. That said, he never shows leadership for the organisation, as he meets these women, and pretty much sends them on their way to do their thing in these other countries, with very little guidance or management from Wood himself. Because of this, this book should not be looked upon as a book for leaders, and to provide guidance on how to lead people, because this is not where Wood’s skills lie. In fact, his lack of leadership arguably hurts the project, as he is never able to gather a team for himself or for the other branches of the project in other countries. This paper will describe how the project came together, how he got his fundraising teams together, how the project branched out to other countries and also analyses the governance of the project. The personality traits of Wood is pertinent to the discussion of Wood’s leadership, because these traits have a bearing on how he leads. One of the personality traits that Wood shows throughout the book is a sense of independence. This is shown in the fact that he left the high-powered job at Microsoft in the first place to go to Nepal. Moreover, the overall personality trait that he exhibits is one of empathy and compassion. An ordinary man would not be moved as much as he was by his initial visit to Nepal. At least, an ordinary man would not be moved to give up his entire life to help the people of that country.

HRM and leadership 2.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HRM and leadership 2.2 - Essay Example Small businesses are an integral part of the economic growth and creation of job opportunities and that it is important that governments tap on it in order to promote growth (United States Office of International Information Programs 2004). The contribution of small businesses to economies is important in terms of the output and the input as well as the creation of jobs as one of the major aims of governments. In the United States, small businesses currently represent 98 per cent of all business enterprises and generate about 64 per cent of all new employment opportunities, and are the first line of employment providing training to many workers (SBA Office of Advocacy n.d.). Almost all nations in the world have the small businesses as the primary creator of jobs for all nations and therefore play an important role in enhancing the economy of a country. In the United Kingdom, there are about 4.4 million small and medium enterprises with almost all of them being made up of small and me dium enterprises, and further about half of the work force in the United Kingdom is employed in the small and medium enterprises generating a turnover of 48.7 per cent. Small businesses often referred to as small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in the global economy creating jobs across international borders. In high-income countries, the formal small businesses with less than two hundred and fifty employees contribute about 50 per cent of the GDP globally and creates employment opportunities to about 70 per cent of the working population while in countries that are not members of the OECD the figures are higher. In countries that are classified as developing, the private sector comprises of micro, small and medium enterprises that employs millions of people. Recent research by International Finance Corporation (IFC) that covered 132 economies estimated that around 500 million people comprising about 97 per cent of the businesses in the world can be deemed as smal l business. Importance of Small Businesses to Economies Small businesses and entrepreneurs create job opportunities in any economy with statistics pointing that at least three out of every four persons that are employed work in a small business enterprise. Therefore, governments have found it important to develop these business enterprises in that they ensure that the growth of an economy is broad based, gender inclusive and sustainable in nature. In the United States, The Bureau of Labour Statistics shows that firms that have fewer than 500 employees employ about 55 percentage of employees in the private sector alone. The small businesses also fuel the growth of businesses with data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicating that from the year 1992 to 2007, small businesses with fewer than 500 employees created 64 per cent of the new employment opportunities. The small businesses also play an important role in driving the economies of nations, for example in the United States, the small businesses constitute more than half of the nonfarm private Gross Domestic Product and about 97.3 per cent of all U.S. exporters (McCracken and Danner 2011). According to

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL IONS (LEAD ION AND Coursework

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL IONS (LEAD ION AND MERCURY ION) ON THE ACTION OT TRYPSIN ENZYME - Coursework Example The above observation will get into the discussion in association with the dissociation of Mercury Nitrate and the lead Nitrate. The above observations might also be explained in terms some complex reactions which do involving the enzyme trypsin and metal ions. RESEARCH AND RATIONAL Enzymes are biological catalyst made up of proteins, they speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy hence providing an alternative pathway (fig.1). Enzymes remain unchanged at the end of a reaction. They are classified as globular proteins, they are made up of polypeptide chains which coil and or fold up to give a 3D structure which determines the shape of the enzyme and hence, the shape of the active site. http://tfscientist.hubpages.com/hub/what-are-enzymes-where-do-they-work Figure 1http://www.biologyguide.net/unit1/2_enzymes.htm All enzymes have an active site, in 1814 Emil Fischer proposed the lock and key model. According to this theory, the substrate fits perfe ctly into the enzymes active site hence forming an enzyme substrate complex, causing the bonds in the substrate to change. This will eventually lead to the formation of products. The products are released from the enzyme active site leaving the enzyme free to accept another substrate. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/571lockkey.html The diagram below illustrates this theory. Figure 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svg However X-ray crystallography and computer assisted modelling, research has shown that the lock and key model is not accurate. This has led to the introduction of the ‘induced-fit theory’. It assumes that the substrate influences the final shape of the enzyme active site and that the active site is malleable. Only specific substrates will be able to alter the active site slightly in order for a reaction to take place [1].The diagram below illustrates the induced fit theory. Figure 3: http://www.biologyguide.net/unit1/2_ enzymes.htm There are various factors that influence the activity of enzymes, these include; pH, temperature and Inhibitors. Inhibitors are substances that affect the activity of enzyme, if the site which active of the enzyme gets occupied by a substance which is not a substrate, the activity of the enzyme will decrease because the substrate cannot bind to the active site. This means that both the substrate and the molecule are competing for space on the active site. This is known as a competitive inhibition and can be reversed by the addition of more substrate.  Non-competitive inhibition is another form of inhibition where a molecule binds to the allosteric site on an enzyme hence changing the shape of the active site. This prevents the substrate from binding to the active point. Usually this type is reversible but cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. Trypsin is a serine protease found in the human digestive system, it is essential for the hydrolysis of pro tean such as casein found in milk http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Trypsin.html. Without trypsin, it would be difficult for the human body to absorbed protein; Pb (NO3 )2 and Hg (NO3 )2 contain Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions respectively. These meal ions acts as non-competitive inhibitors and this means that there will be fewer successful

Role Of Language In Semantics And Society English Language Essay

Role Of Language In Semantics And Society English Language Essay language plays a very important role in human lives. It is a social phenomenon. One of the main goals of language is to communicate with people and to understand them. When someone speaks, he intends a specific purpose. He wants to convey a message through that language. A person uses his language to many different purposes for example, to express his feelings, to ask for help and to apologize. In fact, we use language in many different ways, some of these are, the informational, the expressive, the directive, the phatic, the aesthetic. We use language and that language is a part of society. Actually, any language varies according to , the nature of the society, what kind of people, and their attitudes. People use language according to their situation. The social background of any person can play an important role in the kind of language he has. I am going to discuss these functions and take some examples of each one. I will explain the relationship between language and social organization. Meaning: Since we are discussing semantic and society. It is important to give a quick look on meaning. In fact, creating a theory of meaning is still the goal of many scientists . In order to have a theory of meaning, we have to rely on scientific grounds. There are two arguments that tried to explain meaning by scientific means. The contextualism approach to meaning led by the British linguist Firth. The contextualists said that in order to study meaning scientifically, we have to focus on the context and situation. If a word is studied in relation to context, this eliminates other interpretations of the meaning of the word . Contextualists and behaviorists agree on many points. Bloomfield explained his opinion on contextualism by the famous example of Jack and Jill. Jack reacted to the response of Jill when he saw her face. Then, he climbed the tree and got the apple. So, the main focus for the contextualists was that should not be studied in isolation. Words should observable situation. The mentalists approach to meaning led by Chomsky was the opposite view to the contextualists approach. The mentalists main focus was on the mind. They focus on concepts which are abstract, in contrast to the contextualists who refused to believe in such abstract entities. The mentalists approach was to find ways to control intuition. To bake intuition objective was their goal. Language and the society : There is a strong relationship between language and society. I mean, that the language of any society is influenced by the society. For example, In Riyadh, when they mention the word family, it means the wife. So, it is clear that we mean the social context into which the language being communicate between individuals. Language has many connotations reflecting language, the norms of society, which is spoken by the traditions and culture. In fact, any community affects in linguistic phenomena at different levels. phonetics, Semantics, morphology and structure all are affected by the community. It is impossible to imagine a society without a language. Also, it is impossible to imagine the existence of language outside the community. We cannot deny the fact that the language is of a very important function, can be summarized in two things: The first one is an individual: to help the individual of achieving his needs his in society. The second is a social sincere: is to create a situation appropriate for the composition of society and social life. It was here that the individual depends on the language to fulfill his needs. Any language has a strong effect in the life of the individual. It represents the means of communication with others. And through that connection with others, he or she achieve his things and get their wishes. It is also the best means of expressing his hopes and the pain and emotions. ØÙ„ØØ ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ قؠ±ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © للكلÙ†¦ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª ØلقØÙ†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ ØلقØÙ†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلن¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Language is very important factor of communication among society. Using language has some functions. We need to use language to fulfill our needs. It is a crucial part in our life. If a person uses his language, he chooses words that matches his needs. People use some functions to say a sentence, to ask, to reply, to greet and etc. In fact, forms are important part of our discussion because they are related to functions. A person who says, What is your name? he is showing a form of a question. Let us take another example, I want to play football, functions as a statement. Five functions of language: Actually, Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). Mentioned that language has five functions. They are: Informational 2- Expressive 3- Directive 4- phatic 5- Aesthetic I am going to discuss every function. Informational function which every one tends to assume is most important Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). In fact, this function concentrates on the message. It is used to give new information. It depends on truth and value. Let us look at this example, the car is big, the bus is crowded. language can have an expressive function: that is, it can be used to express its originators feelings and attitudes swear words and exclamations are the most obvious instance of this. Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). The speaker or writer of this function tries to express his feelings. He or she reflexes his or her impression. This function could give a clear image for the personality of the speaker or writer. The best example of this kind is Poetry and literature . In fact, this function evoke certain feelings and express feelings. Examples of this kind are, I am very happy or I spent a wonderful vacation. We can see from the previous examples that they reflex the feelings of the speaker or the writer. The third function of language is the directive function whereby we aim to influence the behavior or attitudes of others. The most straightforward instances of the directive function are commands and requests. This function of social control places emphasis on the receivers end, rather than the originators end of the message: but it resembles the expressive function in giving less importance, on the whole, to conceptual meaning than to other types of meaning, particularly affective and connotative meaning Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). Examples of this kind are, I want a cup of tea or close the door. It is clear hear that, we use the language in a direct way. We ask someone to do something. Some times we can use a sentence to express two functions. For example, I am thirsty. The previous example could be used to show the condition of the speaker or writer or to express the feeling. In a way that a person asks someone to give him water. The fourth function is the aesthetic function, which is the use of language for the sake of the linguistic artifact itself, and for no purpose. This aesthetic function can have at least as much to do with conceptual as with affective meaning Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). The function associated with the message-the vehicle-is the poetic or aesthetic function: the sign taken as an end in itself. All art understood as art is taken to embody this function, and any object valued for its beauty rather than for its ideological value or usefulness-whether a gorgeous car, an elegant teapot, or some acreage of untouched real estate-takes on this function. Jakobson, R. (1933). According to Leech, the fifth function is the phatic function. the function of keeping communication lines open, and keeping social relationships in good repair ( in Britain culture, talking about the weather is a well-known example of this). Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). We can say about this function that it is used for normal talks. An example of this, when two people meet each other accidently in a place. They start talking about something unimportant for the sake of communication like, how are you? How is your children? And so on. We can say that it is a kind of daily talking. It is not meaning but is good. Language functions according to H. Douglas Brown Actually, many authors have classified functions of language. We are going to take the functions of language from the point of H. Douglas Brown . H. Douglas Brown has classified function of language into seven types. This classification is not much different from that of Leech. The functional approach to describing language is one that has its roots in the traditions of British linguists J,R Firth, who reviewed language as interactive and interpersonal, away of behaving and making others behave Berns, ( 1984). These functions according to H. Douglas Brown are : The instrumental function serves to manipulate the environment, to cause certain events to happen. Sentences like, This court finds you guilty, on your mark, get set, go! Or dont touch the stove, have an instrumental function: they are communicative acts that have specific perlocutionary force : they bring about a particular condition H. Douglas Brown.(2007). As we see, the previous examples are direct. They are commands as in, go! Or statements as in, the court finds you guilty. It also used for children when they ask for something like, want milk or bring water. The second function is the regulatory function of language. This kind is used to express approval or disapproval. An example of this kind is, come here. The third function is the representational function which is the use of language to make statements, convey facts and knowledge, explain or report that is, to represent reality as one sees it. H. Douglas Brown.(2007). Example of this kind are, My car is new or I want to go to France. The fourth function is the interactional function of language. This kind serves to ensure social maintenance. ( phatic communication), Malinowskis term referring to the communicative contact between and among human beings that simply allows them to establish social contact and keep channels of communication open is part of interactional function of language H. Douglas Brown.(2007). In fact, this kind a person who is well-known with social talk like, slang and jokes. We can use this to make relationship with other people. For example, I love you or you are a nice person. The fifth function is the personal function. This function allows a speaker to express feelings, emotions and personality. A person individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of the personal function of communication. H. Douglas Brown.(2007). The sixth function is the heuristic function. involves language used to acquire knowledge , to learn about the environment. Heuristic functions are often conveyed in the form of question that will lead to answers. Children typically make good use of the heuristic function in their incessant. Douglas Brown.(2007). It is a nice way that it used to recall information. It answers all question that a person has in the mind. This function helps to acquire knowledge. An example of this is, What the capital of Saudi Arabia?. The seventh function is the imaginative function which serves to create imaginary systems or ideas. Telling fairy tales, joking or writing a novel are all uses of the imaginative function. Douglas Brown.(2007). When we look at the two classification, we find that these two classification not much difference. On the other, they are similar. For example, the interactional function of language tries to make relationship with other people and to build relationships. We can say it is the (Elevator talk). It is the same as phatic function. This term is used for unimportant matters. Language has many functions that convey different messages. Actually, many authors have discuss this issue and there were some differences among them particularly in terms of number. I discuss two classifications concerning this issue and they were different. Leech mentioned five functions and Douglas Brown mentioned seven functions. There is, Roman Jackson who mentioned six functions of language. Jacksons lists includes six functions, the referential, function is that the most generally is acknowledged as important, though it has perhaps less significance than we generally grant it. It refers to the fact that we need to pass one new information to others. The emotive function refers to the fact that we can convey information about the emotional state of the speaker at the same time as giving other information to the listener. Roman Jakson,(1960). It is clear here that it is the expressive function but here, it is labeled under the emotional state. the poetic function describes as f ocus on the message itself. This function does not give much importance to the new information Roman Jakson,(1960). This function is called stylistic function. I have to clarify here that poetic function is not concerned with the ability to write poems. It is used to do something with creativity. It uses jokes and metaphors . In short, I can say it is dealing with word-play. The phatic function is taken from Broislowski, and stresses the maintenance of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Roman Jakson,(1960). In the phatic function, the massage is not important. The multilingual function refers to the ability to talk about talk, to refer to the code rather than just use it. Roman Jakson,(1960). Up to now, I have discussed language functions from point of three scientists. Every one of them discuss this issue and give different classification. Functional approach to language teaching: Functional approach to language teaching concentrates on meaning function. Functional approach has the following three characteristic features: 1) It is based on systemic theory: Systemic theory is a theory of meaning as choice. It means starting with the most general features and proceeding step by step so as to become even more specific. 2) It is functional in three distincts: First, it is concerned with the way language is organized to fulfill communicative functions. Second, it aims to account for three basic kinds of meaning, the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual. Third, each element in a language is explained by reference to its function in the total linguistic system. 3) It is discourse approach. It aims to provide two levels of discourse analysis: the first is the understanding f the text. The second is the evaluation of the text. Halliday,( 1985). Functional approach may be found in the following forms. It could be found in, introducing other people, apologizing , asking and giving information. Functional approach to language teaching is used in educational environments. It helps to present specific purposes for a speaker to achieve his goals. An example, is a context of a classroom in a school requires a special functions. The effect of place and time on language: In fact, the regional areas or places may have a clear effect on the language. For example, the language of the desert in Saudi Arabia is different from the language of the population of other region. The language of the population of the desert is loud and using rough words. Because the nature of the place. They live in an open area so they need to raise their voices. Time as well place has its own effect on the language. Language from generation to generation leaves its impact on the sounds of the language and vocabulary, systems and their structures. We can notice the effect of time in some words that come to be new for different reasons, such as the word (Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ùâ‚ ¬ Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡), which comes to be used nowadays widely. Other language functions: There are other functions for language. Ceremonial function, this function is used much in religious purposes. It is used to advise people or to ask them not to do some things. An example of this is, when the preacher stands up on Friday and speak to people. He uses particular words that helps to convey his message. For example, oh people, As Muslims, we have to help each other. Good people do so. There are also , educational function of language and the technical and scientific function of language for communication. H.H. Stern(1983). Actually using language for educational purposes are very common. It is used in the field of teaching and learning. There are some special terms that make this function clear. Conceptual meaning : Conceptual meaning is the original meaning. Conceptual meaning refers to the logical sense of the utterance and is recognizable as a basic component of grammatical competence. It is alternatively described as the cognitive or the denotative meaning (denotation) Lyons, (1981). Conceptual meaning is stable and invariable. It is not affected by any circumstances. It represented as a group of distinctive features. Conceptual meaning is predominant in the informational use of language. Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). Conceptual meaning gives much importance to the relationship between words and their meaning. For example, boy refers to a male adult human being. So mail adult human being is the conceptual meaning of woman. Conceptual meaning depends on the logic. It goes to the basic things. Emotions and Affective Meaning : It is important to know that each person have a different affective meaning for a word. Affective meaning show the personal feelings of the speaker. affective meaning is used to cover the attitudinal emotional factors which can be expressed in anitem of vocabulary. (Ruth Grain and Stuart Redman, 1986). Individual experiences for people have their effect on producing words. The affective meaning deals with the state of the individuals and reflects their attitudes. Euphemism: Let us explain what do we mean by this term. Euphemism refers to the indirect meaning. It deals with changing the expression to a pleasant one. Some euphemisms are used to cause some amusement. Others are used to make confusion. So they are a group of words that are used instead of other words to relax the listener. When a person uses euphemism, he drop the direct meaning. When I say something and I mean something different. He do without the literal meaning. Many people use euphemism to show the good part of the intended issue. They use it to hide not good ideas. An example of this is to use ( passed away ) instead of saying ( died ) . It works here as a kind of politeness. It is much better than saying (died). In fact, euphemism is words that are used to soften the way of our communication. Euphemism is used in all languages. It is a universal feature. Sometimes, it is difficult to tell the truth. It is better to use euphemism because it convey the idea in a polite way. It sometimes a means of amusement. Euphemism is also a way of not giving clear ideas. It misleads the listener. I can say the euphemism is a kind of words that keep the feelings of the listener. Its not necessarily bad to use euphemisms, not in the way of being immoral or committing a crime. But they are ways to help people avoid their real feelings about something. Some euphemisms are definitely culturally reinforced. When someone needs to urinate or defecate, he says, I am going to a restroom. But its not a place to go to rest. Its a place to go and eliminate waste products from our bodies.( Jonathan Brower). Sometimes, euphemism is difficult to understand especially for non native speaker of English. Let us look at the following examples, When someone says, (Sami is between jobs) for me a non native speaker might be somehow difficult to know the meaning. He might think that, Sami has more than job. Actually, this is my opinion. It is not easy to know that this sentence means ( unemployed person). Let us have another example, (tired and emotional) : I heard on the news that Ronaldo was tired and emotional during the interview. For me to hear this in the first time, I thought it Ronaldo was sick for the first word and fall in love for emotional. I interpreted this according to my culture and experience. Also, A person might be tired because he love. But the fact that the meaning is completely different from what I have thought. The previous sentence means that, Ronaldo is drunk. For some reasons, some people would use euphemism to mislead the listener. He might speak about something in the mind and means something else. Jargon: It is a kind of shorthand. It is kind of using some terms which are not clear for most people. Users of jargon may use some common words in a different way to make the meaning unclear. Sometimes, jargon is a way of conveying the ideas quickly. On the other hand, jargon could cause some problems when there are misunderstanding. In other words, when the listener misunderstand the speaker. In general, I can say jargon is useful and useless. Robert Sylwester says, jargon is a simple technical term that a group uses among themselves to quickly communicate a complex concept. Thus, jargon is useful to those who understand the complexity behind the term, but its generally confusing to those without that background knowledge. At its worst, unnecessarily vague jargon confuses everyone, and pretentious jargon disparagingly suggests to common folks that a simple concept that they clearly understand is really much more complex than they think. College texts and computer manuals are notorious for the amount of jargon they contain. Here are some examples related to computer abbreviations: BRB: Be right back Gr8: Great FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions Lol: Laugh out Loud CYA: See you around RAM: Random Access Memory BRB: Be right back Gr8: Great FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions Lol: Laugh out Loud CYA: See you around RAM: Random Access Memory GB: Gigabyte Some examples related to general terms: UFO: Unidentified Flying Object Poker face: A blank expression Let us have a look at the following example, ( plug and play). To me, when I looked at this phrase, I thought it that when I buy a television and I want to turn it on. I just plug it ( connect it ) to the electricity power then it will work. This term is completely different when it is related to business. It refers to that thing that must work entirely with not much thinking involved. Grices Theory: It is important to mention that, in order to understand an utterance is to go beyond the literal meaning interpretation. It is also to go beyond proposition analysis. This implies the existence of unity of what is said and what is implicated. The theory of conversational implicature by Grice is a theory that provides an account of the possibility to give a meaning that extend beyond the literal expressions that are uttered by the conventional sense. Through this theory, it will be available to catch the attention of the speaker and catch the figure of speech within the literary work. It will be also possible to improve the communicative skill. Grice has distinguished between the sentence meaning and the speakers meaning. He looked into the differences between the literal meaning that is contextually dependent and the conversational implicature that is contextually determined. For instance, the statement of this expression He is a fine friend, may convey that fact that the speaker is communicating ironically as the speaker intends that He is not a good friend. To find out such details, it is something dependent on the particular context in which this statement is uttered. Therefore, in order to understand a message is to understand the meanings of the words that are uttered in the message and the grammatical relations between such meanings. This notion usually needs a particular degree of implicitness in the communication. This is what Grice has offered through the introduction of his principle that is called the Co-operative Principle (CP). Through this principle, it is to be aware of the entire communicative intentions as well as the conversational implicature. This is the mechanism to recognize meaning. The conversational implicature theory and its implications will be explored in the following line with reference to its capability in distinguishing meaning. Grices Theory of Conversational Implicature Grice (1975;42) has made a distinction between the meaning of the words, what the speaker literally reports when coming up with them, and what the speaker intends to mean by conveying such words. This is the notion that usually goes beyond what is said. For instance, when someone is asked to lunch and he replies that he has a one oclock class that he is not prepared for; by this, he has conveyed that he will not be coming to lunch, although hasnt literally said so. He wants the second party to understand that by giving a reason for not accepting to have lunch (the need to prepare the class) he intends to inform that he is not coming to lunch due to that reason. The study of such conversational implicatures is the main focus of Grices theory. Conclusion We can say that, there are different functions for language. They are similar. The most important of these functions are, communicating with others and conveying information. Language is a means of communication and understanding each other. Consequently, the more vocabulary you have, the more your relationships with others. Language reflects the culture of the society. Language supplies people with experiences. Language is the mirror that reflects the personality of the individual. It shows the various features and characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses that affect others. It is a real means for a person to express his ideas and thoughts. In fact, forms are very important in forming the functions of language. A question has its special form as in, where are you from?. A statement has its own special form as in, He eats apples. Sometimes, forms do not reflect their functions. For example, I cannot find my keys, spoke for a person who is late for work. It is clear hear that it is a request. It means, could you helping me to find my keys. Age, sex and social situation play a strong role in forming language. Languages may change for many reasons like, geographical region and social levels.

The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome Essay -- Geography

The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome Rome is an ancient city located on the western coast of Italy by the Meditterranian Sea.(3:289) The city of Rome was founded, according to the legend, by Romulus in 753 BC. Remus and Romulus were two mythological sons of Mars, the god of war. "Through military expansion and colonizations, and by granting citizenship to conquered tribes, the city joined all of Italy south of the Po in the 100-year period before 268 BC." First, the Latin and other tribes were joined, then the Etruscans (a civili zed people north of Rome) and the Greek colonies in the south. "With a large army and several hundred thousand in reserve, Rome defeated Carthage in the 3 Punic Wars, 264-241, 218-201, 149-146, (despite the invasion of Italy by Hannibal, 218), therefore gaining territory in Spain and North America."(1:721) New provinces were added in the East as Rome exploited local disputes to conquer Greece and Asia Minor in the 2d century BC and Egypt in the first (after the defeat and suicide of Antony and Cleop atra, 30 BC). All the Mediterranean civilized world up to the disputed Parthian border was now Roman, and remained so for 500 years. " Less civilized regions were added to the Empire: Gaul (conquered by Julius Ceaser, 56-49 BC), Britain (43 AD) and Dacia , NE of the Danube (117 AD)."(1:721) " The original republican government, with democratic features added in the fourth and fifth centuries BC, deteriorated under the pressures of empire and class conflict (Gracchus brothers, social reformers, murdere d 133,121; slave revolts 135,73). After a series of civil wars (Marius vs. Sulla 88-82, Caeser vs. Pompey 49-45, triumvirate vs. Caesar's assassins 44-4... ...s of the city were wide and beautiful with white marble buildings, great columned pourches, and triumphal arches. Anciant Rome had the population of modern Rome. The centers of Roman life were open places where public meetings were held. Such a meeting place was called a forum. One of these was so much more important than the others that it was called the Roman forum. The long, narrow Roman Forum was also the market place of the city. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was the oldest and most sacred temple of Rome. "Historians beleive that Rome once had as many as three hundred temples. The best known of these was the Pantheon, which was the temple to all the gods. The Pantheon became the Christian Church of Santa Maria Rotonda in 608 AD.This circular domed church is today is the most perfectly preserved of all the anciant roman building."(1:721) The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome Essay -- Geography The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome Rome is an ancient city located on the western coast of Italy by the Meditterranian Sea.(3:289) The city of Rome was founded, according to the legend, by Romulus in 753 BC. Remus and Romulus were two mythological sons of Mars, the god of war. "Through military expansion and colonizations, and by granting citizenship to conquered tribes, the city joined all of Italy south of the Po in the 100-year period before 268 BC." First, the Latin and other tribes were joined, then the Etruscans (a civili zed people north of Rome) and the Greek colonies in the south. "With a large army and several hundred thousand in reserve, Rome defeated Carthage in the 3 Punic Wars, 264-241, 218-201, 149-146, (despite the invasion of Italy by Hannibal, 218), therefore gaining territory in Spain and North America."(1:721) New provinces were added in the East as Rome exploited local disputes to conquer Greece and Asia Minor in the 2d century BC and Egypt in the first (after the defeat and suicide of Antony and Cleop atra, 30 BC). All the Mediterranean civilized world up to the disputed Parthian border was now Roman, and remained so for 500 years. " Less civilized regions were added to the Empire: Gaul (conquered by Julius Ceaser, 56-49 BC), Britain (43 AD) and Dacia , NE of the Danube (117 AD)."(1:721) " The original republican government, with democratic features added in the fourth and fifth centuries BC, deteriorated under the pressures of empire and class conflict (Gracchus brothers, social reformers, murdere d 133,121; slave revolts 135,73). After a series of civil wars (Marius vs. Sulla 88-82, Caeser vs. Pompey 49-45, triumvirate vs. Caesar's assassins 44-4... ...s of the city were wide and beautiful with white marble buildings, great columned pourches, and triumphal arches. Anciant Rome had the population of modern Rome. The centers of Roman life were open places where public meetings were held. Such a meeting place was called a forum. One of these was so much more important than the others that it was called the Roman forum. The long, narrow Roman Forum was also the market place of the city. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was the oldest and most sacred temple of Rome. "Historians beleive that Rome once had as many as three hundred temples. The best known of these was the Pantheon, which was the temple to all the gods. The Pantheon became the Christian Church of Santa Maria Rotonda in 608 AD.This circular domed church is today is the most perfectly preserved of all the anciant roman building."(1:721)

Footballers, Are They Getting Paid Too Much Essay

Dear readers, with your current income, how many years does it take to earn 114,000? Does it take 10 or 25 or 50 years? If you answer 1 day, you must be Cristiano Ronaldo because it is the amount of money he gets DAILY. I bet everyone already knows about how big is the footballer income and moans how it unfair is the life. You maintain the order, defense the motherland, save people by risking yours, developing technology for better future etc., but your income is nowhere near the person whose job is running and kicking the ball. At first thought, you condemn and complain how the system of life sucks so much. But, let’s give it a second thought by assessing if they really worth the money. Let’s take a vote, does the footballers really deserve it? See, the majority says not so I will begin reasoning why they really should get pay cut. Importance in Life Imagine the world without football and football itself never existed even from the very first place. Well no problem, there are still a lot of fun in the world. But how if there are no polices, firefighters, researchers, engineer, or doctor? Misery, misery, and misery. We can survive if there is no football game for a day, a year, or even forever. But, some will not last even an hour if all the doctors in the world commence a strike simultaneously. That explains how insignificant the profession of footballer relative to other jobs. Yes, money is not everything. There are a lot of people with noble heart who works not for money. But come on, you would question about justice when a soldier ,who protect your country with his life, can’t afford his 10,000 child’s cure while in same time Rooney earns 100,000 for the goals he score -which does not affect human life at all-. The common sense is, the more important you are, and the more appreciation you should have. The appreciation is not all about money, but you wonder how many times we say thank you to close and small unnoticed service like the janitor. In contrary, we hail Maradona as if he is a God although we don’t know him and vice versa. We hail Pele for his 1,000 goals although without them the world  is still the same. Where is the logic, world? Unsportmanship Sport teaches us about sportsmanship and fair play, that is what we used to hear back then. Today, the line is completely irrelevant because there is no single match without cheating. Diving, violent tackle, racist insult, indiscipline, those were some viruses which plague football today and sadly they are only a tip of icebergs. The worse is, they still get paid for all the nasty conduct they did and shows the terrible example for all the kids who idolize them. And the worst of all, they are paid using your money. So indirectly, all the money you spent for ticket, merchandise, and television will be the present for all nasty deeds they have done. Or  Bad Attitude The terrible conduct on the pitch is bad, but terrible conduct off the pitch is worse. A public figure should be the good example for people around him, let alone their fans. Just count how many cheating and sexual scandal which involves footballer. We don’t want our kids to follow John Terry’s lead in cheating, do we? And should we see the lads’ goint involves in night life party like Adriano and Ronaldinho just because they are the idol? There are still many unexemplary deeds such as shoplifting, street brawl, or even drug abuse. Once again I must stress how great the influence of the idol could affect their admirer. The admirer could follow the footstep to destruction without even knowing it. Such bad-manner players really do not deserve such big sum of money. That’s all about why the footballers are not deserved for their big money. Now we are entering the grey area where the opinion is still vague and arguable. Poor Background As long as I remember, I only can recall 4 footballers’ names whose family  isn’t poor. They are Kaka, Pirlo, Del Piero and Vialli. Most of the rest come from poor family especially those who come from South America and Africa. For them, sport is their only way to escape from poverty lasso which binds their countries tightly. Frequently, such background makes an easy excuse to grant them the big payment and freedom to have the life they have never experienced without knowing it is the most enjoyable path to destruction. Let’s take Ronaldinho as example. Just when he reached his peak in career, he began to be disoriented. The bright spotlight, money, admiration, luxury, and elite life were beyond his childhood imagination. Then the downfall began. He was tempted to attend flickering night life, spending money without worry of starving at next day, and other luxuries he couldn’t afford back then in Brazil. And why was he tempted to do so? Because he had money. The money pours into his account like torrential rain, an amount which he has never seen before. Well it tells us, however bad is the background, however pitiful is the past experience; overpaid salary is not an excuse to allow footballer earns such big money. Short Career If we talk about the invidual with big revenue, the field which pops out of our mind is athlete and entertainment. Movie star and singer earn more money than any athlete in the world but that is where the logic is distorted once again. The celebrity could still earn money through advanced years while the case isn’t the same for athlete. Al Pacino is currently one of the senior actor and he still could live himself from film industry for 40 years since his debut in tender age. Paul McCartney can still sing and compose the song although he is 70 years old now. How about athlete, in this case footballer? The option is very limited. After entering 30 years old phase, they must already think about the job in next 3 years because it is most likely the club won’t use his service anymore. But the choices are very limited. Usually, after their retirement, they choose the career as football analysis, commentator, or any football staff role. There are a lot of topics that could be drawn from here, but I will focus on financial aspect for now. The entertainer could still get the same payment like they did 20 years ago, but the salary for coach, commentator etc. is smaller by great distance  compare to active player. So, if the entertainers get such big money then footballers also deserve it too even they deserve it more because of career time limitation. No, it is the big no. Admitted, we live in unfair world but it doesn’t mean everything must be unjust. Remember the first point I mentioned in this article. Even the footballer getting such big money is very unfair so they must accept the short career cruelty. Honestly, all the money they get during their career is enough for their rest of lifes if they spend it wisely. And, they already know their playing time is very short from the very first time they choose footballer as occupation. The question is, have they anticipated the retirement day ? Have they invest their money for future instead of buying newest Lamborghini annually ? Have they think the job they would take 10 years ahead instead of thinking which pary they would attend ?. I would say the short career that footballer has is not an excuse to earn such big revenue because they have already seen it coming and they should prepare for it from the very start of career. It seems footballers really do not deserve those chunk of money. But, how if they really do ? How if they really worth those big salary ? There are the reason for it and here are they. Bet of Life When a kid chooses football as his career, he is betting his life on it and the gamble is extremely high risk. This is something any educated people would never experience. For those lucky souls who have good education, he could work in any job regardless of their education background. If you are enginerring student and you realize you are not talented enough, you can still work at different field of job in any company, being a businessman or being an entrepreneur etc and still achieve success, at least you can earn money to feed you and family. But that is the luxury which footballer never have. A lot of kids choose football in expense of their education. And just how many of them could make it to professional level ? For those footballers who can live themselves, congratulation. No matter how small is your team  and your league, you must consider yourselves lucky if you can still live from football because there are millions unfortunate footballers who barely live with football. The elite football player receives a very spotlight, but remember, brighter light means darker shadow. Behind the glamorous light of famous football star, there are many players at the bottom of pyramid desperately reach greater height, let alone the summit where the likes of Messi and Ronaldo belong. This is why the job is very extremely risky. Talent alone is not enough to guarantee you could break through to be professional player. If somehow you are injured, your career is done. If you once do something stupid even if it is in unconsious manner, your career might be over. High talent but always have bad coaches throughout career, you won’t advance any further. You have better talent then Messi Maradona but being overlooked by coach and scout ? Career is done again. Those are only a mere few examples and there are still a lot of stumbling block along the path as a professional player. Imagine the life of failed footballer. They already left school from very young age and they don’t have any other skill except football. So, in order to live, they must do anything to continue their life, including being a criminal. Just imagine how miserable is life if you must live without skill and there is no future certainty. This is the main reason why footballer deserves such high pay. Community Support The logic is simple. If the community does willingly pay big amount of money for football, why does football refuse it ? The best example is Arsenal. Since moving to their new stadium, Arsenal has never won any single trophy. And since their move too, Arsenal has been selling the most expensive seasonal ticket in the world. Funny. The fans still insist buying seasonal ticket, merchandise, TV programme, only to watch their beloved team has no ambition whatsoever to satisty them. The same goes to the rest of fans and their clubs. The supply exists because of demand and vice versa. Footballers earn the money they get from their fans. If the community doesn’t support football anymore, of course the footballers will have their salary cut. But  for now, the community still willingly handing their money for football so, why should the footballers refuse the money ? They are at the most adventegeous side and if the condition goes unchange, they remain will. Conclusion Now, which side are you at? The big salary for footballer, deserve or not deserve? If I were asked and I must answer it, it is the close call and I would answer they deserve it. Partly, I don’t agree the footballers get such high salary and I really support. Their revenue is growing annually yet their professionalism is dwindling. But, if somehow the footballers have their salary cut, imagine the effect on non-elite player. Even now, there are many player who barely survive with salary from football. My solution is, the player must have a good education since their young age. La Masia is one good example for it. They don’t only train football. La Masia knows maybe there are only few men out of hundreds who could make it through professional level. So, they teach other skills beside football in case they fail at it. The method should be applied in every football institution. By giving the preparation for further life, at least they could still earn their life and stay away from world of crime. Hey, it could reduce the criminal number too. Cool. We hope for it too, don’t we? Bibliography en.wikipedia.org/